Colorectal Cancer
For colon and rectal cancer, laparoscopic/robotic surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapies are coordinated as a personalized plan across our accredited network.
What is colorectal cancer?
Colorectal cancer forms from the uncontrolled growth of cells in the large bowel (colon) or its final section, the rectum. Most develop over years from benign polyps on the bowel lining.
It is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Detecting and removing polyps through screening can largely prevent the disease.
What are the types of colorectal cancer?
The vast majority are adenocarcinomas:
Causes and risk factors
Main risk factors:
- Older age (over 50)
- Family history of colorectal cancer or polyps
- Hereditary syndromes (Lynch, FAP)
- Chronic bowel inflammation (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's)
- A diet high in processed/red meat and low in fiber
- Obesity, smoking and alcohol, and a sedentary lifestyle
What are the symptoms of colorectal cancer?
Symptoms vary with tumor location:
- A change in bowel habits (constipation/diarrhea)
- Blood in the stool or dark stools
- Abdominal pain, bloating, or cramping
- A feeling that the bowel does not empty fully
- Unexplained weight loss and weakness
- Iron-deficiency anemia
What are the stages of colorectal cancer?
Staging is based on tumor depth in the bowel wall and spread:
In rectal cancer, chemoradiation before surgery is often used.
How is colorectal cancer diagnosed?
Colonoscopy is the foundation of diagnosis:
- Colonoscopy to inspect the bowel and take a biopsy
- Fecal occult blood test (screening)
- Pathological and molecular testing (KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, MSI)
- CEA tumor marker follow-up
Imaging methods in colorectal cancer
For staging and follow-up:
- Abdominal and chest CT
- Pelvic MRI in rectal cancer
- PET-CT (when spread is suspected)
- Virtual colonography (in selected cases)
Colorectal cancer treatment methods
Treatment is planned by stage and tumor location:
Every patient and every tumor is different
No single treatment is right for everyone; the best plan depends on your exact diagnosis, stage, and tumor characteristics. At National Cancer Alliance, we arrange a free second opinion from board-certified oncologists to review your case.
Prognosis and survival rates
Early diagnosis greatly improves prognosis in colorectal cancer. In early disease confined to the bowel, 5-year survival is about 90%, roughly 73% with regional spread, and about 15% with distant metastasis.
Even with liver- or lung-limited metastases, long-term control and even cure can be possible with surgery and modern chemotherapy.
How to reduce colorectal cancer risk
This cancer is largely preventable:
- Colonoscopy screening from age 50 (earlier if at risk)
- Early detection and removal of polyps
- A fiber-rich, vegetable-and-fruit-heavy diet
- Limiting processed and red meat
- Avoiding tobacco and alcohol, and exercising regularly
Frequently asked questions
Do all polyps turn into cancer?
No, but some can become cancerous over time. Polyps found during colonoscopy are usually removed in the same session.
Will I need a permanent colostomy?
Most patients do not. Especially in colon cancer the bowel ends are usually rejoined; a permanent bag is needed only in selected rectal cases.
When should I start screening?
Generally at 45–50; earlier if you have a family history or risk. Set a personal plan with your physician.
Should I get a second opinion?
Surgical and systemic decisions vary by stage; an independent review helps define the best sequence.
Ready for a plan built around you?
Start with a free, no-obligation second opinion from a board-certified oncologist. Have your case reviewed and every option explained clearly.
Get a FREE Second OpinionThis page provides general information about colorectal cancer; it is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. All treatments are provided by independent, accredited hospitals and licensed physicians. Your treatment decision should be made by a qualified physician based on your individual situation.